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Alt 08.03.09, 21:22   Yukarı Git #1
eren94
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Alt 08.03.09, 21:24   Yukarı Git #2
~~Özge~~
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~~Özge~~ - ait Kullanıcı Resmi (Avatar)
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ÇÖZÜNÜRLÜĞE ETKİ EDEN FAKTÖRLER:
1- Çözünen Maddenin Türü: Her maddenin çözücü-çözünen dengesine ulaşma noktası farklıdır. Örneğin çözünürlüğe etki eden diğer faktörler sabit tutulduğunda bir litre suda 3,8 mol yani 1311gram eker çözünürken aynı miktar suda 5,3 mol yani 310gram NACI çözünür. Miktarlar gram olarak karşılaştırıldığında şekerin çözünürlüğünün sofra tuzundan fazla olduğu düşünülebilir. Ancak çözünürlüğün fazla olması demek daha fazla sayıda molekülün çözeltiye geçmesi demektir. Bu açıdan karşılaştırma yapıldığında tuzun çözünürlüğünün şekerden daha fazla olduğu görülür. Bu da beklenen bir olaydır. Çünkü NACI iyonik yapıdadır ve iyonların yarıçapları şeker moleküllerinden çok daha küçüktür. Dolayısıyla suyun daha fazla sayıda NACI molekülünü çözeltiye alması doğaldır.
2- Çözücünün Türü: Çözücü ve çözünen maddelerin molekülleri birbirine ne kadar çok benzer ise çözünürlük o kadar yüksektir. Başka bir deyişle polar yapıdaki bir madde ancak polar çözücülerde, apolar bir madde ise ancak apolar çözücülerde çözünür. Kısaca söylemek gerekirse benzer benzeri çözer. Gerek çözücü gerekse çözünen moleküllerinin özellikleri iki uç özellikten ne kadar farklı ise, çözünürlük o ölçüde değişir.
Bazı çözücü molekülleri polarlık ve apolarlık özelliklerini birlikte gösterebilirler. Örneğin etil alkol (C2H5OH) böyle bir moleküldür. Molekülün C-H ve C-C bağları apolar, O-H ve C-O bağları ise polar özelliktedir. Bir başka deyişle molekülün bir ucu polar özellik, öteki ucu ise apolar özellik gösterir. Dolayısıyla etil alkol hem polar hem de apolar maddeler için iyi bir çözücüdür.
3- Sıcaklık: Sıcaklığın çözünürlüğe etkisini gazlar ve katılar için ayrı ayrı incelemek gerekir. Gazların sıvılardaki çözünürlükleri genellikle sıcaklık arttıkça azalır. Katıların sıvılardaki çözünürlüğü için ise kesin bir şey söylemek mümkün değildir. Çözünme olayının ekzotermik veya endotermik oluşuna bağlıdır. Örneğin;
Çözünen+Su+Enerji?Doygun çözelti
şeklinde gerçekleşen çözünme olayı için sıcaklığın artması çözünürlüğü artırırken
Çözünen+Su?Doygun çözelti+Enerji
Şeklindeki bir çözünme olayında durum tam tersidir.
Çözünme olayındaki enerji etkisi (ister enerji veren isterse enerji alan yönde olsun) ne kadar büyük ise sıcaklıktan etkilenme o kadar belirgin olur.
4-Basınç: Basıncın sıvı ve katıların çözünürlüğüne önemli bir etkisi yoktur. Şüphesiz bir gazın başka bir gaz içindeki çözünürlüğü de basınca bağlı değildir. Gazların katı ve sıvılardaki çözünürlükleri ise basınçtan önemli ölçüde etkilenir.
Gazların sıvılarda çözünmesi sırasında, katıların sıvılarda çözünmesinde olduğu gibi denge vardır. Eğer sıvı üzerindeki gazın basıncı artırılırsa denge bozulur ve daha fazla gaz sıvıda çözünür böylece gazın sıvıdaki çözünürlüğü artmış olur. Gazların sıvılardaki çözünürlüğünün basınçla değişimi Henry Yasası olarak ifade edilir. Bu yasaya göre gazların sıvılardaki çözünürlüğü, bu gazın sıvı üzerindeki kısmi basıncı ile doğru orantılıdır.
HENRY YASASI
Bir gazın çözünürlüğü gaz basıncıyla doğru orantılı olarak değişir. Buna Henry yasası denir ve C=k × Pgaz şeklinde ifade edilir. Burada,
C=gazın belli çözücüde sabit sıcaklıktaki çözünürlüğü
Pgaz=gazın bu çözeltideki kısmi basıncı
K=orantı katsayısı
Sıvı ile tepkime veren gazların çözünürlüğü vermeyenlere oranla daha fazladır. Örneğin oksijen, hidrojen ve azotun sudaki çözünürlükleri amonyak, CO2 veya SO2 nin sudaki çözünürlüklerinden daha azdır. Çünkü sonuncular suda bileşik oluştururlar. Bu tür gazların çözünürlüğü Henry yasasından sapma gösterir.
5-Ortak İyon: Az çözünen tuzlarda denge eşitliğinde bulunan iyon ve moleküller ortak tanecik olarak nitelenir. Ortak tanecik sayısının değişimi denge konumunu değiştirdiğinden ötürü çözünürlüğü de değiştirir.
AgCI ün doymuş çözeltisinde ortak iyon Ag+1 ve CI-1 dir.
AgCI(k) ? Ag+1(suda) + CI-1(suda)
Ag+1 veya CI-1 derişimini değiştirecek bir etki yapıldığında denge konumu girenler yönünde bozulur ve AgCI ün çözünürlüğü azalır. Bu nedenle AgCI ün dengede olduğu bir çözelti sistemine AgNO3 ilave edildiğinde Ag+1 derişimi arttığından sistem bunu azaltmak ister ve AgCI çöker. Benzer şekilde NaCI ilave edildiğinde CI-1 derişimi artar ve AgCI çöker. Sonuç olarak, AgCI ün çözünürlüğü azalır.




İnsan olmayan , insanın değerini bilemez ...
~~Özge~~ isimli Üye şimdilik offline konumundadır   Alıntı ile Cevapla
Alt 08.03.09, 21:26   Yukarı Git #3
eren94
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DOYMUŞ ÇÖZELTİLER ve ÇÖZÜNÜRLÜK mahmut51 Kimya 9. Sınıf 0 31.10.09 18:55
Kimyadan çözünürlük ile ilgili sorular melek_busra Kimya 9. Sınıf 5 27.04.09 14:46



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